In the absence of a temporal (chronological) structure where events happen in a particular order, non-chronological reports usually have a logical structure. They tend to group information, often moving from general to more specific detail and examples or elaborations. A common structure includes:

• an opening statement, often a general classification (Sparrows are birds);
• sometimes followed by a more detailed or technical classification (Their Latin name is...);
• a description of whatever is the subject of the report organised in some way to help the reader make sense of the information. For example:
  • its qualities (Like most birds, sparrows have feathers.);
  • its parts and their functions (The beak is small and strong so that it can ...);
  • its habits/behaviour/uses (Sparrows nest in ...).

• Often written in the third person and present tense. (They like to build their nests ... It is a cold and dangerous place to live.)
• Sometimes written in the past tense, as in a historical report. (Children as young as seven worked in factories. They were poorly fed and clothed and they did dangerous work.)
• The passive voice is frequently used to avoid personalisation, to avoid naming the agent of a verb, to add variety to sentences or to maintain an appropriate level of formality for the context and purpose of writing. (Sparrows are found in ... Sharks are hunted ... Gold is highly valued ...)
• Tends to focus on generic subjects (Dogs) rather than specific subjects (My dog Ben).
• Description is usually an important feature, including the language of comparison and contrast. (Polar bears are the biggest carnivores of all. They hibernate, just like other bears. A polar bear’s nose is as black as a piece of coal.)
• Description is generally used for precision rather than to create an emotional response so imagery is not heavily used.

• Plan how you will organise the information you want to include, e.g. use paragraph headings, a spidergram or a grid.
• Gather information from a wide range of sources and collect it under the headings you’ve planned.
• Consider using a question in the title to interest your reader (Vitamins – why are they so important?).
• Try to find a new way to approach the subject and compose an opening that will attract the reader or capture their interest. Use the opening to make very clear what you are writing about.
• Include tables, diagrams or images (e.g. imported photographs or drawings) that add or summarise information.
• Find ways of making links with your reader. You could ask a direct question (Have you ever heard of a hammerhead shark?) or add a personal touch to the text (So next time you choose a pet, think about getting a dog).
• Re-read the report as if you know nothing about its subject. Check that information is logically organised and clear.
• Use other text-types within your report if they will make it more effective for your purpose and audience.