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Parent academic involvement as related to school behaviour, achievement, and aspirations: Demographic variations across adolescence

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What did the researchers mean by parental academic involvement and how did they measure demographic background?

Parental academic involvement was defined in the study as parent’s involvement with schools and with their children to benefit their educational outcomes.  Examples of this given by the researchers included volunteering, attending PTA meetings, parent-teacher contact and communication, and involvement in academic-related activities at home.  They suggested parental academic involvement works to establish relationships with teachers, school administrators, other parents and fosters information about school policies and behavioural expectations.

Demographic background was assessed through the parental and family socio-economic status considering: parental education, income, occupational status and ethnicity.