- Recall with pupils the idea that solids are made of particles called atoms and molecules. Introduce the idea that when energy as heat is absorbed by a solid, the particles move around their position in the solid more. This movement can be passed on to adjacent particles. Get pupils to enact this model of conduction: ask them to link arms firmly in a line (simulates a solid), then one pupil provides energy ('heats the line') by gently pushing and pulling the end of the line. The energy (movement) is conducted along the line. This happens less well if they are merely holding hands (liquid) and not at all if they are not linked (gas).
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- simulate the conduction of thermal energy through a solid, liquid or gas
- apply the particle model to explain why metals are good conductors and why fluids are poor conductors of heat
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